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The title should be concise, clear, informative, and representative of the article’s content. Titles are often used in article search engines. Therefore, avoid abbreviations and formulas whenever possible. In some cases, the title may be written in the form of a question.
Please state each author’s first and last name (full name) and ensure that all names are spelled accurately. Then, indicate the authors’ affiliation address below their names. Display all affiliations in lowercase superscript immediately after the author’s name and before the corresponding address. Affiliations should be written in the following order: Affiliation Name, City, Postal Code, and Country. The email addresses of all authors should be included after the affiliations, and the corresponding author’s email should be clearly indicated. The corresponding author is responsible for all stages of peer review and publication and post-publication. This responsibility includes answering any future questions regarding the Methodology and Materials.
Each article should include a concise, factual abstract (150-250 words). The abstract should briefly state the purpose of the study, main results, and key conclusions. Non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if necessary, they should be defined at the first mention in the abstract. Immediately after the abstract, provide five strong searchable keywords that represent key concepts in the article or research findings.
The introduction to a manuscript includes a brief literature review of the research topic. The introduction is generally written descriptively, beginning with a broad topic and gradually focusing on the work being conducted. The introduction typically takes several paragraphs, beginning with one or two paragraphs introducing the reader to the general area of the research problem. Subsequent paragraphs then provide a more specific discussion. The final paragraph is crucial, as it states the experimental question the research will answer and how it will be conducted.
The methods section contains a statement about the materials used in the study, the main procedures, the techniques used in data collection, and the analysis techniques. If the study used a specific experimental design, the methods section also includes the research design/setting. Similarly, theoretical components or modeling are also clearly stated in this section for literature research.
The Results section presents the experimental data to the reader. The results (which are also the research findings) are usually presented in the form of attractive and clear tables and figures. The Discussion section includes the interpretation of the research results to provide meaning to the reader or offer guidance for further research. Figures and tables require further explanation to demonstrate their validity.
The conclusion summarizes the research findings. This is followed by the main points of discussion. The general conclusion concludes with a statement about how the research contributes to the field of study.
This section includes a statement about the funding sources for the research. It also acknowledges those who contributed to the research and manuscript preparation.
The contributions of each author should be clearly stated. Only authors who have made substantial contributions to the research and writing of the article should be listed as authors.
This section lists all references cited in the text.
Figures are the most efficient way to present research findings. Figures should be presented with high quality and sharpness. Graphics software, curve fitting, and analysis are highly recommended to create graphs that can be displayed with good quality and clarity.
If you include figures already published elsewhere, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format. In such cases, material from other sources should be used.
Vectors and tensors should be marked clearly in the manuscript. Equation numbers should appear in parenthesis and be numbered consecutively. All equation numbers must appear on the right-hand side of the equation and should be referred to within the text. Use the following sequence of parentheses: )]}. Mathematical symbols and formulae should be typed. Particular care should be exercised in identifying all symbols and in avoiding ambiguities. The distinction should be made between the number one (1) and the letter l and between zero (0) and the letter O. If a number of symbols are used, the author must provide a nomenclature list of these symbols and their meanings types on a separate piece of paper. All parameters must be noted in italics, except for subscripts. British Standards BS 350, 1991, and 3763 or ISO/R31 may be referred to for units, abbreviations, and symbols.
Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list but may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style. They should include substituting the publication date with either ‘Unpublished results’ or ‘Personal communication’. The citation of a reference as ‘in press’ implies that the item has been accepted for publication.
The full URL and the date when the reference was last accessed should be given. Any further information should also be given if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.). Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired or can be included in the reference list.
Citation and reference systems must use Reference Management Systems such as Mendeley, EndNote, and Zotero.
Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture). Authors who feel their English language manuscript may require editing to eliminate possible grammatical or spelling errors and to conform to correct scientific English may wish to use the English Language Editing service.